Interleukin 1 (IL-1) , is a name that designates two proteins, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, which are the products of distinct genes, but which show  approximately 25% amino acid sequence identity and which recognize the same cell surface receptors. Although IL-1 production is generally considered to  be a consequence of inflammation, recent evidence suggests that IL-1 is also temporarily upregulated during bone formation and the menstrual cycle and  can be induced in response to nervous system stimulation. In response to classic stimuli produced by inflammatory agents, infections or microbial endotoxins,  a dramatic increase in the production of IL-1 by macrophages and various other cells is seen. Cells in particular known to produce IL-1 include osteoblasts,  monocytes, macrophages, keratinocytes, Kupffer cells, hepatocytes, thymic and salivary gland epithelium, Schwann cells, fibroblasts and glia (oligodendroglia,  astrocytes and microglia). IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta are both synthesized as 31 kDa precursors that are subsequently cleaved into proteins with molecular  weights of approximately 17,000 Da. Neither precursor contains a typical hydrophobic signal peptide sequence and most of the precursor form of IL-1 alpha  remains in the cytosol of cells, although there is evidence for a membrane-bound form of the precursor form of IL-1 alpha. The IL-1 alpha precursor  reportedly shows full biological activity in the EL-4 assay. Among various species, the amino acid sequence of mature IL-1 alpha is conserved 60% to  70% and human IL-1 has been found to be biologically active on murine cell lines. Both forms of IL-1 bind to the same receptors, designated type I and  type II. Evidence suggests that only the type I receptor is capable of signal transduction and that the type II receptor may function as a decoy, binding IL-1  and thus preventing binding of IL-1 to the type I receptor

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